Shaykhism is one of the youngest schools in the history of Imamiyyah (Twelver Shiism). The Theory of "Forth Pillar (Rukn-i-Rabi’) " is one of the most famous theories attributed to this school, the different branches of which do not have a common notion of it.Besides, they disagree over the person to whom the aforementioned theory could be attributed."Ahmad Al-Ahsa’i", "Sayyed Kazim Al-Rashti" and "Muhammad Karim Al-Kirmani" have been nominated to be the theorizer by different Shaykhi or non-Shaykhi scholars. This Article identifies four components in the structure of Theory: 1) The literature based on Quadr-hierarchy of "God, Prophet, Imam, and perfect Shia".2) The Hierarchy of Secret-Men (Qura-yi-Zahirah).3) Their Unity or Multiplicity.4) Their Duties and roles.Although the foundation of Theory could be recognized in Al-Ahsa’i’s works, by concentrating on these four components, I shall demonstrate that Sayyed Kazim Al-Rashti should be elected as the main theorizer of Theory.

Shaykhiyya Kermaniya is considered one of the deviant sects of the present era, which, by resorting to the concept of special deputyship, seeks to expand its meaning. This movement, due to a misunderstanding of the concept of deputyship, has followed a path by introducing terms such as the Fourth Pillar and the Unique Speaker, considering itself the center of both worldly and otherworldly sciences, the criterion of right and wrong, and possessing unattainable ranks. The evolution of the meaning of agency into deputyship and the appropriation of the meaning of deputyship with the Fourth Pillar is a major effort of the Shaykhis to legitimize their viewpoint by inventing this theory, which necessitates the gradual elimination of the system of jurisprudence and marja'iyyah (highest religious authority). This research aims to clarify the issue of special deputyship and its conceptual evolution from the meaning of agency, and seeks to show that the Shaykhis, by misusing and misunderstanding the issue of special deputyship, have presented it in the form of the Fourth Pillar. Re-examining the Shaykhis' thoughts regarding this semantic evolution and their misuse of the concept of special deputyship highlights the necessity of research in this area. The present paper, using library resources with a descriptive-analytical approach, and relying on primary sources of the Kermani Shaykhiyya sect, clarifies the conceptual evolution and utilization of this sect. The result shows that the Shaykhis misused the transformation of the meaning of agency and its application to special deputyship in an effort to legitimize their claims.

Pillar design and stability analysis is an issue that is faced routinely in mining and civil industries. In mining operations, while the establishment of several mining levels is often necessary to ensure adequate production, it does result in formation of pillars that must be recovered under high stress conditions at later stages of excavation. Moreover, in civil infrastructures, such as underground power stations, waste repositories, warehouses, etc., design of remnant rock pillars is necessary and very common. Therefore, it is beneficial to develop guidelines that help in the design of rock pillars as well as to maintain their long-term stability. The aim of this paper was to delve into the mechanism involved in rock pillar loading process and failure mechanisms. The effects of pillar geometry, pillar and surrounding ground stiffness were investigated on pillar failure mechanism. A thorough numerical analysis was carried out to investigate the pillar deformation and failure process under natural loading conditions. Accordingly, the obtained results were compared against field data, from Canadian mining operations, published by various researchers. A fairly good match was obtained between the numerical findings and published field data.

This paper gives an overview of the difficulties associated with the design of hard rock pillars in South African mines. Recent examples of large scale pillar collapses in South Africa suggest that these were caused by weak partings which traversed the pillars. Currently two different methods are used to determine the strength of pillars, namely, empirical equations derived from back analyses of failed and stable cases and numerical modeling tools using appropriate failure criteria. It is illustrated in the paper that both techniques have their limitations and additional work is required to obtain a better understanding of pillar strength.Empirical methods based on observations of pillar behaviour in a given geotechnical setting are popular and easy to use, but care should be exercised that the results are not inappropriately extrapolated beyond the environment in which they are established. An example is the Hedley and Grant formula (derived for the Canadian uranium mines) that has been used for many years in the South African platinum and chrome mines (albeit with some adaptation of the K-value). Very few collapses have been reported in South Africa for layouts designed using this formula, suggesting that in some cases it might yield estimates of pillar strength that are too conservative.As an alternative, some engineers strongly advocate the use of numerical techniques to determine pillar strength. A close examination unfortunately reveals that these techniques also rely on many assumptions. An area where numerical modeling is invaluable, however, is to determine pillar stresses accurately and to study specific pillar failure mechanisms, such as the influence of weak partings on pillar strength.

Although the issue of economic crimes and the need to fight against it in recent decades has always been one of the concerns of the officials and the government in Iran, but the dream of this phenomenon has been brought up from time to time and after a while it has been forgotten without achieving any results. has been In this way, the symbolic emphasis on the issue of combating economic crimes and disregarding expert and scientific opinions has caused pragmatism to penetrate into the criminal policy of economic crimes in such a way that the acquisition of political image by government trustees in the eyes of public opinion is one of their main goals. It is considered in the fight against economic crimes. The main reason for such a trend among policymakers is that economic crimes have reduced trust in the government and encourage them to play an effective role in fighting these crimes in public opinion. Such an approach overshadows the real fight against economic crimes and leads it to populist methods. The main question of the current research, which has been conducted according to a descriptive-analytical approach, is what are the changes in the elements of economic crime in Iran's criminal policy with an emphasis on jurisprudence standards? The result of the present research is that according to the harmless rule, the rule of blocking the arms, etc., the elements of economic crime should be considered as two pillars in most crimes.

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A conventional Risk Management Process (RMP) contains two main phases: (a) risk assessment that includes risk identification and risk analysis, and (b) risk response that decides what, if anything, should be done about the analyzed risks. Based on a traditional tendency, most studies in state of- the art RMP have ample emphasis on risk assessment, but we can find limited studies on the subject of risk response. This paper aims to oppose the mentioned traditional view. The paper introduces a generic RMP, namely Two-Pillar Risk Management (TPRM) that considers an equivalent importance for both risk assessment and risk response. The paper compares the TPRM with the last version of the RMP provided in the standard of PMBoK. Application of the proposed model in projects in the construction industry shows a tremendous total risk level improvement. We believe that applying the TPRM helps project managers in a most effective and efficient manner in dealing with their risk management programs.

Problems associated with conventional pillar design methods has led to the extensive use of numerical methods in pillar design. In this research work, the FLAC-2D code was employed to evaluate the rock pillar strength as a function of applied loads. The commonly used elasto-plastic Mohr-Coloumb model is not suitable for expressing pillar behavior, and thus, more advanced material models such as various strain-softening models should be used. In this study, in order to assess the pillar strength the modified Hoek-Brown parameters were used to determine the softening parameters of pillars of varying geometries. Comparing the obtained results with published field data, the analysis results show that the use of modified Hoek-Brown parameters enables a realistic evaluation of pillar strength.